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The global annual production of steel is approximately 2 billion tons, accounting for 8 % of the world's energy demand and 7 % of carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions in the energy sector.Coal-based direct reduced iron (DRI) reduces CO 2 emissions by 38 % compared with traditional blast furnace–basic oxygen furnace (BF …
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The current work and paper is based on a new iron production route which uses iron ore fines direct reduction. This technology was invented by ENRAG and PRIMETALS and is in ongoing development by Primetals Technology. It is called HYFOR. This new direct reduction technology uses iron ore fines instead of pellets and is …
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The steel industry is one of the main contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions, responsible for about 7 to 9% of the world's total output. The steel sector is under pressure to move toward net-zero emissions by reducing its consumption of coke as the main method of reducing iron-rich feed materials to iron. Due to its well-developed …
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Direct reduction · Metal recovery . Direct reduction ironmaking is a technological process of smelting ore into metallic iron under the condition of solid ore or solid–liquid mixed state [3]. Compared with traditional blast furnace ironmaking, direct …
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2 to reduce iron ore pellets, which is suitable for the development of hydrogen metallurgical technology. As a result, the short process based on hydrogen-based shaft furnace direct reduction ironmaking has received more attention and faster development. Modeling and simulation of the direct reduction process in hydrogen …
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Direct reduction (DR) is defined as any process in which metallic iron is produced by the reduction of iron ore at temperatures below the iron melting point. The product of a DR …
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Figure 2. The Gibbs free energy of hematite reduction w ith both hydrogen and ammonia, as well as the ammonia decomposition reaction calculated for the standard state using FactSage 8.2.
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However, unlike carbon, which is purely mine-derived, the production of hydrogen requires energy. The energy balance of the hydrogen direct reduction of iron oxides in shaft furnaces is presented in this paper. Since reduction is not isothermal as in a blast furnace, I have modified the Rist diagram to represent these circumstances.
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Direct reduction of iron-electric arc furnace (DRI-EAF) ... The iron-iron carbide phase diagram is a good basis for understanding the effect of temperature and components on the properties of steel. Read more. View chapter Explore book. Read full chapter. ... significant advances in the technology of casting iron occurred in the 18th century, ...
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Process flow diagram of the Tecnored technology to produce hot metal (Noldin Júnior et al., 2005) and cross-section of the Tecnored furnace (inset) ... However, to date, the direct reduction of iron with an integrated electric arc furnace (H 2 DRI-EAF) is potentially the most mature technology to integrate hydrogen. There are some …
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THE HEART OF THE MIDREX® PROCESS IS THE MIDREX® SHAFT FURNACE. AS A KEY COMPONENT OF THE MIDREX® DIRECT REDUCTION PROCESS, THE MIDREX SHAFT FURNACE IS THE MOST FLEXIBLE AND VERSATILE REDUCTION VESSEL FOR DRI PRODUCERS. The MIDREX® Shaft Furnace can use natural gas or a syngas …
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The employed fuels are natural gas and/or coal. The energy consumption is in the order of 10.4 GJ/t-DRI that is equivalent to 300 m 3 of natural gas per ton of reduced iron. The CO 2 emissions are quantified in the range 0.77–0.92 t of CO 2 per ton of steel. As a function of the employed reducing reactors, the systems are of four main types:
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Direct reduced iron (DRI) process. In addition to the process route via the blast furnace process, there is another option for extracting crude steel from iron ores using the so …
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1. Introduction. Industrial-scale hydrogen-ironmaking, also known as direct reduction of iron (DRI) using hydrogen, is a process that aims to produce iron without the use of fossil fuels (Chevrier, 2020; van Vuuren et al., 2022; Tang et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021; Ledari et al., 2023).This process has the potential to significantly reduce carbon …
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A good solution to increase the output of the EAF and make up for the scrap shortage is Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) technology (Nduagu et al., 2022). ... Cash Flow Diagram (CFD) is built on the base of: raw materials, labour, waste treatment cost and revenues of sales; 45% taxation, 10% interest rate and a plant construction time of 2 …
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Direct reduction of iron is the chemical removal (reduction) of oxygen from iron ore in its solid form. The iron used in the steelmaking process is currently chemically reduced from iron ore through the use of fossil resources – natural gas or coal. This process is known as Direct Reduced Ironmaking (DRI). Carbon combines with the oxygen in ...
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Coal-based direct reduced iron (DRI) reduces CO 2 emissions by 38 % compared with traditional blast furnace–basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) ironmaking. Using a …
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Currently, there are two main technology providers for NG-based DR processes: HYL/Energiron and MIDREX. Due to its high implementation rate, representing about …
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cope for energy-eficiency improvements by employing feasible WHR system. The WHR-based power generation, the most attractive among a. l, is economically viable for plants …
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Steel making contributes 6% of global CO2 emission (including associated power emissions). Blast furnaces dominate global production, have long capital lives, and resist adoption of decarbonization technology. Deep decarbonization and net-zero production will require both asset replacement from BF to DRI+EAF and development …
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This mathematical evaluation focuses on iron ore ultra-fines for their use in a novel hydrogen-based fluidized bed direct reduction process. The benefits of such a process include reduced CO 2 emissions and energy consumption per ton of product, lower operational and capital expenditure, and a higher oxide yield. Typical samples of iron …
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In this study, techno-economic models are used to simulate three innovative ore-based steelmaking routes verses the reference blast furnace route (BF-BOF). The innovative …
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75% of the total production of DRI and HBI (Fig. 2) are produced by DR processes based on natural gas as energy resource, which has to be converted by gas reforming technology to reducing gases (CO and H 2) for the reduction of iron oxide to metallic iron.Midrex and HYL Energiron are the processes with the highest capacities …
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1. Introduction. Iron and steel manufacturing is one of the most energy-intensive industries worldwide. In addition, use of coal as the primary fuel for iron and steel production means that iron and steel production has among the highest carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions of any industry.According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the …
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Alternative emerging ironmaking technologies for energy-efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions reduction: A technical review. Ali Hasanbeigi, ... Lynn Price, in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014. 2.3 Direct reduction. Direct reduction is the removal (reduction) of oxygen from iron ore in its solid state. This technology encompasses a …
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Regardless of the steelmaking route, there is a form of direct reduced iron (DRI) for every application. DRI is a premium ore-based metallic (OBM) raw material made by removing chemically-bound oxygen from iron oxide pellets and lump ores without melting. DRI is high in iron content and low in copper and other undesirable metals, …
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The Coal-Ore-Direct-Iron-Reduction (Codir) process combines features of the Waelz Kiln and the Krupp–Renn process [52]. The Krupp–Renn is an iron ore reduction process designed for low-grade ores that at one time had over 40 commercial installations, but high energy costs and availability of higher-grade ores led to the …
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1. The ENERGIRON Process (Figure 1), based on the ZR scheme, is a major step in reducing the size and improving the efficiency of direct reduction plants. Reducing …
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HIsarna is a direct bath-smelting reduction technology that combines coal pre-heating and partial pyrolysis with the smelting reduction vessel working as its core reaction container. 18 It can allow non-coking coal and low-cost iron ores (outside BF quality range) to produce iron with 20% less carbon footprint. 19 Commercial level ...
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Direct reduction (DR) is an alternate form of ironmaking that is economic at much smaller scales, generally uses natural gas as reductant instead of coke, and costs considerably …
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The successful use of RHF technology for the direct reduction of iron-bearing materials depends upon the way the process technology is applied through proper process engineering. If the RHF is correctly integrated into the global process and direct reduction technology is applied correctly, the result is an energy efficient, …
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The HYL process was developed in Mexico and was the forerunner of the HYL III direct reduction technology. In HYL I process, a mixture of gases containing about 89% of reducing compounds is used. Each reduction module in HYL plant consists of four units - three "in line" and the fourth in "turn around" mode.
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Direct reduction of iron is the removal of oxygen from iron ore or other iron bearing materials in the solid state, i.e. without melting, as in the blast furnace. The reducing …
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Direct reduction ironmaking is a technological process of smelting ore into metallic iron under the condition of solid ore or solid–liquid mixed state [3].
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